//=== 刑事紀錄, 素行紀錄, 良民證
正式名稱: 警察刑事紀錄證明書
(Police Criminal Record Certificate)
No conviction recorded
無素行不良紀錄
//=== https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/conviction
conviction
noun , /kənˈvɪk.ʃən/ US /kənˈvɪk.ʃən/
判罪, 定罪,
[ C or U ] the fact of officially being found to be guilty of a particular crime, or the act of officially finding someone guilty
- Since it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence.
- He has a long record of previous convictions for similar offences.
- The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
//===
Tuesday, December 12, 2017
Friday, December 8, 2017
ton vs tonne
//=== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton
ton vs tonne
Where confusion is possible, the 2240 lb ton is called "long ton" and the 2000 lb ton "short ton";
the tonne is distinguished by its spelling, but usually pronounced the same as ton,
hence the US term "metric ton".
In the UK the final "e" of "tonne" can also be pronounced (/ˈtʌnɪ/), or "metric ton" when it is necessary to make the distinction.
Ton is derived from the tun, the term applied to a cask of the largest size.
This could contain a volume between 175 and 213 imperial gallons (210 and 256 US gal; 800 and 970 l), which could weigh around 2,000 pounds (910 kg) and occupy some 60 cubic feet (1.7 m^3) of space.
The origin for the word ton comes from ancient Greek θύννος (thúnnos, tuna fish).
In the United Kingdom the ton is defined as 2,240 avoirdupois pounds (1,016 kg).
This is equivalent to 20 hundredweight, a hundredweight being eight stone, and a stone weighing 14 pounds.
From 1965 the UK embarked upon a programme of metrication and gradually introduced metric units,
including the tonne (metric ton), defined as 1000 kg (2,204.6 lb).
In the United States and formerly Canada[4] a ton is defined to be 2,000 pounds (907 kg).
//=== https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%99%B8
英噸（ton）或噸是英制單位，使用地區主要為英國、美國與一些英联邦國家。其和公吨（tonne或metricton）有所區別。
廣義的英噸又可分為長噸（long ton）和短噸（short ton）。
長噸：在英國較為常用，為狹義的「英噸」，在英國常直接稱為「噸」（ton）。
短噸：在美國較為常用，又稱「美噸」
單位換算[编辑]
1長噸 = 2,240磅。
1短噸 = 2,000磅。
公制換算1長噸 = 1.0160469088公吨 = 1016.0469088公斤；和公吨只差不到2%。
1短噸 = 0.90718474公吨 = 907.18474公斤。
//===
ton vs tonne
Where confusion is possible, the 2240 lb ton is called "long ton" and the 2000 lb ton "short ton";
the tonne is distinguished by its spelling, but usually pronounced the same as ton,
hence the US term "metric ton".
In the UK the final "e" of "tonne" can also be pronounced (/ˈtʌnɪ/), or "metric ton" when it is necessary to make the distinction.
Ton is derived from the tun, the term applied to a cask of the largest size.
This could contain a volume between 175 and 213 imperial gallons (210 and 256 US gal; 800 and 970 l), which could weigh around 2,000 pounds (910 kg) and occupy some 60 cubic feet (1.7 m^3) of space.
The origin for the word ton comes from ancient Greek θύννος (thúnnos, tuna fish).
In the United Kingdom the ton is defined as 2,240 avoirdupois pounds (1,016 kg).
This is equivalent to 20 hundredweight, a hundredweight being eight stone, and a stone weighing 14 pounds.
From 1965 the UK embarked upon a programme of metrication and gradually introduced metric units,
including the tonne (metric ton), defined as 1000 kg (2,204.6 lb).
In the United States and formerly Canada[4] a ton is defined to be 2,000 pounds (907 kg).
//=== https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%99%B8
英噸（ton）或噸是英制單位，使用地區主要為英國、美國與一些英联邦國家。其和公吨（tonne或metricton）有所區別。
廣義的英噸又可分為長噸（long ton）和短噸（short ton）。
長噸：在英國較為常用，為狹義的「英噸」，在英國常直接稱為「噸」（ton）。
短噸：在美國較為常用，又稱「美噸」
單位換算[编辑]
1長噸 = 2,240磅。
1短噸 = 2,000磅。
公制換算1長噸 = 1.0160469088公吨 = 1016.0469088公斤；和公吨只差不到2%。
1短噸 = 0.90718474公吨 = 907.18474公斤。
//===
subpoena 的 b 不發音
subpoena, /səˈpi·nə/
b 不發音
dumb, thumb, bomb 等字尾的 b 也不發音
//=== https://www.thestreet.com/story/14410549/1/deutsche-bank-subpoenaed-in-mueller-probe-into-trump-ties-with-russia.html
Deutsche Bank Subpoenaed in Mueller Probe Into Trump Ties With Russia
通俄門事件調查, 因川普家族與DB(德意志銀行, Deutsche Bank)的密切往來,
Special Counsel Robert Mueller 對 DB 發出了 subpoena.
//=== https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/subpoena
subpoena, 傳喚證人/令 提呈證物,文件
[vt] /səˈpi·nə/
- to order someone to go to a court of law to answer questions, or
- to order the appearance of documents in a court of law:
to subpoena a witness : 傳喚目擊證人出庭
subpoena , 傳票, 出庭令
[nc] /səˈpi·nə/
The judge issued a subpoena.
//===
b 不發音
dumb, thumb, bomb 等字尾的 b 也不發音
//=== https://www.thestreet.com/story/14410549/1/deutsche-bank-subpoenaed-in-mueller-probe-into-trump-ties-with-russia.html
Deutsche Bank Subpoenaed in Mueller Probe Into Trump Ties With Russia
通俄門事件調查, 因川普家族與DB(德意志銀行, Deutsche Bank)的密切往來,
Special Counsel Robert Mueller 對 DB 發出了 subpoena.
//=== https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/subpoena
subpoena, 傳喚證人/令 提呈證物,文件
[vt] /səˈpi·nə/
- to order someone to go to a court of law to answer questions, or
- to order the appearance of documents in a court of law:
to subpoena a witness : 傳喚目擊證人出庭
subpoena , 傳票, 出庭令
[nc] /səˈpi·nə/
The judge issued a subpoena.
//===
Wednesday, December 6, 2017
personal vs personnel
//=== https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/personnel
personnel, 人員 --> human resource
plural noun , /ˌpɜr·səˈnel/
the people working in an organization or for a particular type of employer:
pesonal, 個人/個人的
adjective , /ˈpɜr·sə·nəl/
relating or belonging to a single or particular person:
I think you have a personal responsibility to know when to stop.
That’s my personal opinion.
xxx indivisual
--> individual , 個體/個別的
noun [ C ] , /ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/
a single person or thing, esp. when compared to the group or set to which it belongs:
We will remember him as an individual who always tried to make people happy.
//=== https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/chooseyourwords/personal-personnel/
...
Personal and personnel can be confused if the writer is not diligent, especially as both can be used as a noun and an adjective
...
XYZ Co. is letting go of personnel at an alarming rate.
My personal files include notes on how to take over the world using just a red paperclip.
Match.com and other dating sites have eliminated the need to advertise in the personals.
*** The HR department kept James' personnel file updated with all the complaints about his work habits.
//===
personnel, 人員 --> human resource
plural noun , /ˌpɜr·səˈnel/
the people working in an organization or for a particular type of employer:
pesonal, 個人/個人的
adjective , /ˈpɜr·sə·nəl/
relating or belonging to a single or particular person:
I think you have a personal responsibility to know when to stop.
That’s my personal opinion.
xxx indivisual
--> individual , 個體/個別的
noun [ C ] , /ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/
a single person or thing, esp. when compared to the group or set to which it belongs:
We will remember him as an individual who always tried to make people happy.
//=== https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/chooseyourwords/personal-personnel/
...
Personal and personnel can be confused if the writer is not diligent, especially as both can be used as a noun and an adjective
...
XYZ Co. is letting go of personnel at an alarming rate.
My personal files include notes on how to take over the world using just a red paperclip.
Match.com and other dating sites have eliminated the need to advertise in the personals.
*** The HR department kept James' personnel file updated with all the complaints about his work habits.
//===
快感的英文
//=== 快感的英文
https://tw.ichacha.net/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F.html
pleasant sensation; delight; pleasure; joy ;
快感學: hedonics
性快感: sexual pleasure
短暫的快感: fleeting pleasure
She would have liked to share with him the joy she had felt .
//=== https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/rejoice
rejoice
[vi] /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/
to feel or show great happiness
Everyone rejoiced at the news of his safe return.
//===
https://tw.ichacha.net/%E5%BF%AB%E6%84%9F.html
pleasant sensation; delight; pleasure; joy ;
快感學: hedonics
性快感: sexual pleasure
短暫的快感: fleeting pleasure
She would have liked to share with him the joy she had felt .
//=== https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/rejoice
rejoice
[vi] /rɪˈdʒɔɪs/
to feel or show great happiness
Everyone rejoiced at the news of his safe return.
//===
槓龜的英文
//=== https://christabelle.idv.tw/archives/264
...
「槓龜」一詞，是源自於日文的發音，而日文是取英文中的 skunk 一詞來的。
...借用外來字，如果是單一子音，一定會為這個子音再配上一個母音，以符合日文本身的語音規則。
也就是說， skunk這個字，會發成類似「斯共苦」的音，
進入台語之後，可能因為「斯」的音弱化了，
就變成「共苦」，也就是「槓龜」一詞的台語發音了。
...
skunk，如果去查字典就知道，叫做「臭鼬」，
也有另一個意思：「壓倒性的勝利（相差30分為一個skunk）」。
也就是說，另一方慘敗，大失敗，就是槓龜了。
...
//=== http://blog.xuite.net/water0289281566/twblog/122032391
...
最合音義和歷史淵源的是正確寫法為「貢龜」，而非「槓龜」。 貢龜的白話有二義：一是進貢烏龜，另一是貢品烏龜，前者為動詞用法，後者為名詞用法。
因為是要進貢給皇帝的，豈是等閒之物。一旦貢上，便有去無回。收貢者囊袋飽飽，進貢者卻兩手空空。用在賭博上就如贏者與輸者之寫照。
...
殷墟龜甲殘片偶猶可見「某某貢龜十隻」，「某某貢龜一千」的契刻誌文，由此可證貢龜一詞由來已久，且有歷史的典故。
...
//=== http://ask1956.pixnet.net/blog/post/41096032-38
...
閩南語有一句俏皮話(又名歇後語)說「上帝爺博輸筊─當龜」,
因為其由來已久,且散播範圍徧及全省,但知道其出典者不多,值得做個探討。
在臺灣光復之初,有一本臺南市聞人許丙丁先生所撰寫的<小封神>,
曾經風行一時...
書中一開頭,即敘述「當龜」之事,而又跟賭博有關。
閩南語俗稱「賭博」為「博筊(ㄅㄨㄚ上去 ㄍㄧㄠ\)」
(按:以「桮筊」請示神意的行為稱作「卜桮」,
<石林燕語>:「高辛廟有竹桮筊,以一俯一仰為聖筊。」
「筊桮」又音轉為「摴(ㄕㄨ)蒱」,倒裝為「
博戲」;「摴(ㄊㄨ)蒱」音叶「賭博」,
閩南語謂「聖筊」曰「祥桮」,
故「卜筊」應為「博筊(蒱摴)」一語的源頭,而為「卜桮筊」的簡稱),
傳說上帝爺足踏龜、蛇,
... 玄天上帝某日到街上閒逛,被慫恿參加街頭聚賭,
賭輸了沒錢還,逼不得已,只好連「龜」也拿去當舖抵押了!
作者「當龜」的靈感應來自於「當鍋」,在生活水
平較差、物資普遍缺乏的年代裏,一個人若賭輸得很慘
的話,是有可能連家中的「鍋子」也拿出去「當」掉的,
...
「當龜」實即「尻(ㄉㄥ\ ㄍㄨ)」之諧音,
當某人不小心滑倒跌坐地上,或參與競賽鎩羽而歸時,
也常被嘲以「上帝爺(公)博輸局─尻」!
<說文>:「???,髀也。徐曰:從丌、從几,皆所以居止也。」
<增韻>:「尻,脊骨盡處。」
閩南語謂「臀部」為「尻髀(ㄎㄚ下去 ㄘ
ㄥ下去 ㄆㄝ\)」,又引申臀部跌坐地面曰「」。
<集韻>:「或作臀;,與髀同,股也。」
臀部俗稱「股」或「股」,時下多誤作「屁股」。
閩南語「尻」又音近「踞(ㄍㄨ)」、「杌(ㄎㄨ下入,木無枝也)」、
「俯(ㄎㄨ下平)」,人頹喪失意(杌)時往往俯首蹲踞。
時下又流行把「鎩羽而歸」稱做「鬨(ㄍㄛㄥ\)尻」,
但多寫成「槓龜」,
據報載就有人在賭輸了六合彩之餘,果真買來了烏龜一頓亂棍予以擊斃,
以為如此做可以去掉霉運。
由於「攩」又<唐韻,集韻>並:「胡曠切」黃去聲,搥打也,或作撗,
故起初以為是「尻」音訛為「攩尻」,而義同「鬨尻」;
但冷靜一想,則其要傳達的本義不過就是「光棍」,
身上的幾個錢既輸光了,不是剩下「雙腳夾一粒葩」嗎!
此外,若輸贏正好扯平,或前債已然償還,兩造互不相欠則每說「無絓」,
偏偏這句話又正好跟「烏龜」同音;
烏龜...其行動上的蘑菇、延擱,
故閩南語形容不爽利之人讀如「龜毛(佝)」;
俚俗又謂以妻女供人奸淫者曰「烏龜」,音叶「污閨」故也!
//===
...
「槓龜」一詞，是源自於日文的發音，而日文是取英文中的 skunk 一詞來的。
...借用外來字，如果是單一子音，一定會為這個子音再配上一個母音，以符合日文本身的語音規則。
也就是說， skunk這個字，會發成類似「斯共苦」的音，
進入台語之後，可能因為「斯」的音弱化了，
就變成「共苦」，也就是「槓龜」一詞的台語發音了。
...
skunk，如果去查字典就知道，叫做「臭鼬」，
也有另一個意思：「壓倒性的勝利（相差30分為一個skunk）」。
也就是說，另一方慘敗，大失敗，就是槓龜了。
...
//=== http://blog.xuite.net/water0289281566/twblog/122032391
...
最合音義和歷史淵源的是正確寫法為「貢龜」，而非「槓龜」。 貢龜的白話有二義：一是進貢烏龜，另一是貢品烏龜，前者為動詞用法，後者為名詞用法。
因為是要進貢給皇帝的，豈是等閒之物。一旦貢上，便有去無回。收貢者囊袋飽飽，進貢者卻兩手空空。用在賭博上就如贏者與輸者之寫照。
...
殷墟龜甲殘片偶猶可見「某某貢龜十隻」，「某某貢龜一千」的契刻誌文，由此可證貢龜一詞由來已久，且有歷史的典故。
...
//=== http://ask1956.pixnet.net/blog/post/41096032-38
...
閩南語有一句俏皮話(又名歇後語)說「上帝爺博輸筊─當龜」,
因為其由來已久,且散播範圍徧及全省,但知道其出典者不多,值得做個探討。
在臺灣光復之初,有一本臺南市聞人許丙丁先生所撰寫的<小封神>,
曾經風行一時...
書中一開頭,即敘述「當龜」之事,而又跟賭博有關。
閩南語俗稱「賭博」為「博筊(ㄅㄨㄚ上去 ㄍㄧㄠ\)」
(按:以「桮筊」請示神意的行為稱作「卜桮」,
<石林燕語>:「高辛廟有竹桮筊,以一俯一仰為聖筊。」
「筊桮」又音轉為「摴(ㄕㄨ)蒱」,倒裝為「
博戲」;「摴(ㄊㄨ)蒱」音叶「賭博」,
閩南語謂「聖筊」曰「祥桮」,
故「卜筊」應為「博筊(蒱摴)」一語的源頭,而為「卜桮筊」的簡稱),
傳說上帝爺足踏龜、蛇,
... 玄天上帝某日到街上閒逛,被慫恿參加街頭聚賭,
賭輸了沒錢還,逼不得已,只好連「龜」也拿去當舖抵押了!
作者「當龜」的靈感應來自於「當鍋」,在生活水
平較差、物資普遍缺乏的年代裏,一個人若賭輸得很慘
的話,是有可能連家中的「鍋子」也拿出去「當」掉的,
...
「當龜」實即「尻(ㄉㄥ\ ㄍㄨ)」之諧音,
當某人不小心滑倒跌坐地上,或參與競賽鎩羽而歸時,
也常被嘲以「上帝爺(公)博輸局─尻」!
<說文>:「???,髀也。徐曰:從丌、從几,皆所以居止也。」
<增韻>:「尻,脊骨盡處。」
閩南語謂「臀部」為「尻髀(ㄎㄚ下去 ㄘ
ㄥ下去 ㄆㄝ\)」,又引申臀部跌坐地面曰「」。
<集韻>:「或作臀;,與髀同,股也。」
臀部俗稱「股」或「股」,時下多誤作「屁股」。
閩南語「尻」又音近「踞(ㄍㄨ)」、「杌(ㄎㄨ下入,木無枝也)」、
「俯(ㄎㄨ下平)」,人頹喪失意(杌)時往往俯首蹲踞。
時下又流行把「鎩羽而歸」稱做「鬨(ㄍㄛㄥ\)尻」,
但多寫成「槓龜」,
據報載就有人在賭輸了六合彩之餘,果真買來了烏龜一頓亂棍予以擊斃,
以為如此做可以去掉霉運。
由於「攩」又<唐韻,集韻>並:「胡曠切」黃去聲,搥打也,或作撗,
故起初以為是「尻」音訛為「攩尻」,而義同「鬨尻」;
但冷靜一想,則其要傳達的本義不過就是「光棍」,
身上的幾個錢既輸光了,不是剩下「雙腳夾一粒葩」嗎!
此外,若輸贏正好扯平,或前債已然償還,兩造互不相欠則每說「無絓」,
偏偏這句話又正好跟「烏龜」同音;
烏龜...其行動上的蘑菇、延擱,
故閩南語形容不爽利之人讀如「龜毛(佝)」;
俚俗又謂以妻女供人奸淫者曰「烏龜」,音叶「污閨」故也!
//===
猜拳的英文
//=== https://tw.ichacha.net/%E7%8C%9C%E6%8B%B3.html
猜拳, 划拳, 豁拳, 劃拳
(play the) finger-guessing game
to play the finger game; play at “guess-fingers"
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%9C%E6%8B%B3
//=== 剪刀 石頭 布
http://blogs.teachersammy.com/Blogs/2010/09/22#.Wifx0lWWbIU
...
老外最常用的是 rock-paper-scissors
而不是台灣常在教小朋友的 paper-scissors-stone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-paper-scissors
在出拳前數三下時, 就是喊: Rock! Paper! Scissors!
或是法文的 Ro! Cham! Beau!
(唸 [ ro ʃæm bo ] )
既然它是個遊戲, 動詞 當然是 用 play
比如: Let’s play rock-paper-scissors.
...
http://www.english.com.tw/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=1072
台灣猜拳的順序跟美國人不太一樣~
美國人的順序是 "rock, paper, scissors" or "paper, scissors, stone."
http://www.chtoen.com/%E7%8C%9C%E6%8B%B3%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E8%AA%AA
rocket-paper-scissors
https://www.ptt.cc/man/Eng-Class/DB1C/M.1097377263.A.9A6.html
1 rock paper scissor shoot
2 paper scissor stone
http://blog.xuite.net/hhcjuliet/journal/9467476
...
"丟銅板"
就是我們的"字或人頭" "Head or Tail,(pick one)"
...
//===
猜拳, 划拳, 豁拳, 劃拳
(play the) finger-guessing game
to play the finger game; play at “guess-fingers"
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%9C%E6%8B%B3
//=== 剪刀 石頭 布
http://blogs.teachersammy.com/Blogs/2010/09/22#.Wifx0lWWbIU
...
老外最常用的是 rock-paper-scissors
而不是台灣常在教小朋友的 paper-scissors-stone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-paper-scissors
在出拳前數三下時, 就是喊: Rock! Paper! Scissors!
或是法文的 Ro! Cham! Beau!
(唸 [ ro ʃæm bo ] )
既然它是個遊戲, 動詞 當然是 用 play
比如: Let’s play rock-paper-scissors.
...
http://www.english.com.tw/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=1072
台灣猜拳的順序跟美國人不太一樣~
美國人的順序是 "rock, paper, scissors" or "paper, scissors, stone."
http://www.chtoen.com/%E7%8C%9C%E6%8B%B3%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E8%AA%AA
rocket-paper-scissors
https://www.ptt.cc/man/Eng-Class/DB1C/M.1097377263.A.9A6.html
1 rock paper scissor shoot
2 paper scissor stone
http://blog.xuite.net/hhcjuliet/journal/9467476
...
"丟銅板"
就是我們的"字或人頭" "Head or Tail,(pick one)"
...
//===
Sunday, December 3, 2017
t 轉音, t -> tsh
t 轉音 變成 發 /tsh/ 的音
eventual, righteous,
celestial /sɪˈles.tʃəl/
不過
celestial 也可以發 /sɪˈles.ti.əl/ [UK]
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/celestial
//=== d轉音, d -> dzh
individual , /ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/
eventual, righteous,
celestial /sɪˈles.tʃəl/
不過
celestial 也可以發 /sɪˈles.ti.əl/ [UK]
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/celestial
//=== d轉音, d -> dzh
individual , /ˌɪn·dəˈvɪdʒ·u·əl/
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